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Risk management overlays all financial institution functions. Banks cannot generate the returns required by shareholders without accepting risk. The two key challenges for the management of banks and other financial service companies are how to manage and price that risk.
Buying the equivalent of an insurance policy can reduce many of these risks, but insurance bears a cost. Management has to balance the costs of those implicit or explicit insurance premiums against the level of protection afforded. A bank analyst has to understand enough about the techniques and tools available to make a judgment on whether management at a particular bank has the skills and infrastructure to make these decisions effectively. The starting point is to establish the organizational infrastructure for risk management.

Insurance companies sell policies that pay out in the event of death or disability. The premiums charged on these policies are based on actuarial assumptions about factors such as mortality rates. If those assumptions prove to be incorrect such policies may be loss making.

Financial contracts are frequently complex and banks are exposed to the risk that their understanding of an agreement differs from that of a court. Legal disputes between American commercial banks and a number of insurance companies on credit derivative contracts written by the latter on failed energy trading companies around the turn of the century involved billions of dollars in disputed claims.